ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS I HAVE OBSERVED

Last updated 4/8/08

What does an asteroid occultation look like? Using video we can get a good idea. We consider the occultation of a 7.6 magnitude star SAO 060107 by the 76 km diameter asteroid known as (516) Amherstia. I travelled to Atlantic Beach, Florida on 14 January 2002 in order to capture this using a Collins Electro Optics image intensifier, Watec low light surveillance camera, attached to a Celestron 8 Schmidt- Cassegrain telescope. The seeing was not perfect but the occultation was clearly observed.

The first image below shows the "target star -- the brightest one in the field of view -- with the tiny image of the asteroid just to the upper right and almost appearing to touch it. This frame was taken 40 minutes before central occultation. The asteroid is magnitude 12.3. Visually, it would be easy to time the occultation of the star, but the asteorid would be too dim to detect in a typical sky condition.

amh1s.JPG (5KB)

Several minutes before central occultation, the asteroid is now immersed in the glare of the bright star.

amh2s.JPG (5KB)

Then the asteroid passes in front of the star causing a vast reduction in the star's brightness. Notice, however, that you can actually see the asteroid by itself in place of the star.

amh3s.JPG (5KB)

Finally the star regains full brilliance after the completion of the occultation.

amh4s.JPG (5KB)

p1207a1 (4k)

My system attached to Tony White's (Tulsa, OK) Celestron 11. Arrow points to the connected unit from the SCT back of the C11. First, the f/3.3 focal reducer attached to the Collins I3, then the tiny Watec 902H.Photo taken 12/20/07 by Tony White.

gpcu1a (4k)

For occultations of bright stars I use a 100mm f/2 Nikon lens and a light sensitive camera such as a Watec or PC164. This photo was taken at Varadero, Cuba March 15, 2008 after the successful occultation of a 6.3 magnitude star by the asteroid 241 Germania. Photo by Lynn Palmer

TABLE OF PERSONALLY OBSERVED ASTEROID AND SOLAR SYSTEM BODY OCCULTATIONS

I have successfully observed and timed the following asteroid/planetary satellite occultations. However, you may ask why there is such a paucity of successes. Accurate ground track forecasting prior to 2001 was really poor, making successful observations problematic at best. You had to be really lucky in order to see an occultation. Beginning in 2001 many more events were being forecasted with improved accuracy, and astrometry (the science of astronomical position measurement) sources and reduction techniques experienced a major advancement. C8=Celestron 8-inch Schmidt Cass telescope in the table below. The M4 is the Meade 2045D telecope.


NO. DATE ASTEROID/Solar System Body STAR METHOD SITE
1 3/5/77 (6) Hebe Gamma Ceti 5R VISUAL VICTORIA, TX
2 12/11/79 (9) Metis SAO 80950 5R VISUAL GEORGETOWN, GUYANA
3 10/7/81 (88) Thisbe SAO 187124 C8 VISUAL CHEYENNE, WY
4 11/15/82 (375) Ursula SAO55791 C8 VISUAL WINNIE, TX
5 4/26/83 (52) Europa BD+21 1797 C8 VISUAL HOUSTON, TX
6 5/29/83 (2) Pallas 1 Vulpeculae C8 VISUAL SPLENDORA, TX
7 4/11/85 (129) Antigone BD+20 2390 C8 VISUAL PARKER, CO
8 1/3/91 (4) Vesta SAO 93228 C8 VIDEO LAPEER, MI
9 10/9/93 (27) Euterpe PPM 174714 C8 VISUAL DUMAS, TX
10 12/17/96 (704) Interamnia BD+3 633 C8 VISUAL PHOENIX, AZ
11 12/4/97 (105) Artemis SAO 134036 C8 VISUAL PHOENIX, AZ
12 10/31/01 (48) Doris TYC1315-01463-1 17-INCH REFLECTOR VISUAL HOUSTON, TX
13 9/8/01 TITANIA ZC 3167 C14 VISUAL BARQUISIMETO, VENEZUELA
14 1/14/02 (516) Amherstia SAO 060107 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ATLANTIC BEACH, FL
15 3/27/02 (654) Zelinda TYC 0168-02620 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO VIOLA, KS
16 4/20/02 (139) Juewa TYC 6148-00023 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO OAK RIDGE, CA
17 5/24/02 (102) Miriam TYC 6252-01873 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO RIO RICA, AZ
18 8/13/02 (688) Melanie TYC 5236-00201-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOUSTON, TX
19 11/14/02 (350) Ornamenta TYC 0111-01007-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ODEM, TX
20 1/1/03 (233) Asterope TYC 0726-00419-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO SANTA FE, TX
21 1/3/03 (726) Joella TYC 4848-02317-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CASH, TX
22 1/15/03 (95) Arethusa TYC 0191-00774-1 C8 VISUAL MCCOOK, TX
23 3/23/03 (704) Interamnia HIP 36189 M12 VIDEO KONA, HI
24 6/18/03 (85) Io TYC 0530-01006-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOUSTON, TX
25 7/29/03 (654) Zelinda TYC 6285-03426-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO STILLWELL, OK
26 8/1/03 TITANIA TYC 5806-696-1 36INCH REFLECTOR VIDEO BRAZOS BEND, TX
27 10/24/03 (978) Aidamina HIP 106841 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO TX,NM BORDER
28 12/07/03 (115) Thyra TYC 5769-00278-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ARIZONA CITY, AZ
29 12/14/03 (231) Vindobona TYC 2389-01522-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO MOUNTAINAIRE, AZ
30 12/31/03 (208) Lacrimosa TYC 1397-01764-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO SPLENDORA, TX
31 6/30/04 (522) Helga TYC 6310-01494-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO INYOKERN, CA
32 7/3/04 (64) Angelina TYC 1215-01306-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO KRAMER JUNCTION, CA
33 7/18/04 (41) Daphne TYC 0531-02020-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO FRIENDSWOOD, TX
34 8/25/04 (11) Parthenope TYC 6859-01200-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ALVIN, TX
35 9/05/04 (107) Camilla TYC 5244-00017-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO FOUNTAIN HILLS, AZ
36 10/07/04 (8) Flora TYC 1351-00528-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CLINTON, BC CANADA
37 10/29/04 (8) Flora TYC 1367-00024-1 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO OROGRANDE, NM
38 1/18/05 (216) Kleopatra UCAC 32014147 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOUSTON, TX
39 5/17/05 (54) Alexandra TYC 7902-01828-1 M 8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ACUFF, TX
40 6/13/05 (103) Hera TYC 6264-00003-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO GALVESTON ISLAND, TX
41 7/11/05 (103) Hera TYC 1210-01821-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO SENTINEL, AZ
42 8/13/05 (893) Julia HIP 7948 7x35mm VISUAL PENSE, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
43 10/7/05 (1082) Prirola TYC 1311-2375-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOUSTON, TX
44 10/28/05 (790) Pretoria TYC 0216-01594-1 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CATOOSA, OK
45 11/15/05 (345) Tercidina TYC 05227-00241-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO WEIMAR, CA
46 12/01/05 (162) Laurentia TYC 1799-00077-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO BUFFALO, TX
47 12/03/05 (52) Europa TYC 4974-00584-1 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO LAKE HAVASU CITY, AZ
48 12/11/05 (28) Christine UCAC2-37141382 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOCKLEY, TX
49 1/5/06 (466) Tisiphone TYC-1371-00938-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO TELFERNER, TX
50 1/14/06 (173) Ino TYC-0145-00077-1 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO LINN, TX
51 1/28/06 (490) Veritas TYC-0736-00356-1 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO KEENANSVILLE, NC
52 2/05/06 (764) Gedania UCAC2-35203988 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO PENITAS, TX
53 2/10/06 (134) Sophrosyne TYC-2926-01789-1 36-INCH REFLECTOR INTENSIFIED VIDEO HOUSTON, TX
54 2/24/06 (530) Turandot HIP 40832 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CINCINNATI, OH
55 3/12/06 (602) Marianna HIP 90871 M 4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ABILENE, TX
56 4/30/06 (580) Selene TYC 4973-01378-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO COLETOVILLE, TX
57 5/27/06 (702) Alauda UCAC2 13791670 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO LIVINGSTON, LA
58 6/24/06 (35) Leukothea UCAC2 16455768 C11 INTENSIFIED VIDEO BOULOGNE, FL
59 7/12/06 (444) Gyptis TYC 5109-00140-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ANGLETON, TX
60 10/3/06 (25) Phocaea HIP 115725 M10 INTENSIFIED VIDEO WOODSTOWN, NJ
61 11/21/06 (302) Clarissa TYC 1817-01424-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO (VISUAL OFF SCREEN) LAKE JACKSON, TX
62 11/22/06 (103) Hera TYC 0040-00819-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CENTERVILLE, TX
63 11/26/06 (601) Nerthus TYC 5764-01407-1 M8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO COLWICH, KS
64 11/26/06 (422) Berolina 2UCAC 42542715 M8 VISUAL TONKAWA, OK
65 12/14/06 (70) Panopaea TYC 1231-01469-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO MADISONVILLE, TX
66 12/22/06 (547) Praxedis TYC 4822-02645-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO TRAVIS, TX
67 1/3/07 (51)Nemausa HIP 48681 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO FAUCETT, MO
68 1/10/07 (44)Nysa TYC 1323-00422-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO LIBERTY CITY, TX
69 2/18/07 (55)Pandora TYC 1421-00289-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ENNIS, TX
70 4/15/07 (494)Virtus UCAC2 42210347 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CORDELE, TX
71 4/18/07 (411)Xanthe HIP 43103 100mm INTENSIFIED VIDEO GREEN COVE SPRINGS, FL
72 6/25/07 (125)Nausikaa TYC 7427-02638-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO WICKENBURG, AZ
73 7/10/07 (125)Nausikaa HIP 92988 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CALLAHAN, FL
74 7/16/07 (225)Henrietta TYC 1065-00745-1 C11 INTENSIFIED VIDEO LAST CHANCE CO
75 7/20/07 (153)Hilda UCAC2 25791797 M10 INTENSIFIED VIDEO OTHELLO WA
76 8/29/07 (409)Aspasia TYC 1327-00077-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO SWEENY TX
77 9/09/07 (704)Interamnia TYC 2410-00061-1 C8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO BERNALILLO NM
78 10/26/07 (203)Pompeja TYC 1410-00470-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO FOREST LAKE MN
79 11/05/07 (137)Meliboea TYC 5739099761-1 C11 INTENSIFIED VIDEO ANGLETON TX
80 11/10/07 (15)Eunomia TYC 1930-00091-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CALLAGHAN TX
81 12/20/07 (187)Lamberta TYC 2416-00772-1 C11 INTENSIFIED VIDEO DEWEY OK
82 1/2/08 (24)Themis UCAC2 38791508 24CASS INTENSIFIED VIDEO CANEY OK
83 1/12/08 (70)Panopaea TYC 2501-00817-1 11MAK INTENSIFIED VIDEO CRYSTAL NV
84 1/22/08 (13)Egeria TYC 0026-00627-1 C11 INTENSIFIED VIDEO CASA GRANDE AZ
85 2/28/08 (429)Lotis TYC 0191-00729-1 M8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO GARDEN CITY TX
86 3/11/08 (735)Marghanna TYC 2936-00356-1 M8 INTENSIFIED VIDEO WINK TX
87 3/15/08 (241)Germania HIP 17026 100mm/fl VIDEO VARADERO CUBA
88 4/8/08 (667)Denise TYC 1401-00822-1 M4 INTENSIFIED VIDEO HORSESHOE BAY TX

Method of observation changed in 2001 when I purchased a red sensitive 3rd generation image intensifier from Collins Electro Optics. This remarkable device is vastly superior to either visual or video observation alone. But for general occultation observation of stars down to +10, for example, intensification is really not needed. I use it because it improves the chances for faint star detection in the event that the target is between +11 and +12. In a star field crowded with dim stars, or in a case where the target is a close double, the intensifier makes a vast difference. Recall that visual observation has built in human reaction time as well as the inability to play the observation back to check its accuracy and show it to others.

For each success listed in the table, there were at least 7 to 10 failures that are not listed in the years prior to 2001. Following that the failure rate decreased to 1 in 2. The encouraging thought here is that if you make an attempt and do not succeed the first time, continue to observe future events. You will increase your proficiency in recognizing the problems associated with finding the target star, tracking, observing for a continuous period of time, battling weather elements, battery failures and more. Paying close attention to the predictions will let you become familiar with the error margins and will also lead to more successes. This is a fun and fantastic experience.

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